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AlzRisk Paper Detail
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Reference: Deng, 2006
Cohort: Chongqing City, China cohort
Risk Factor: Alcohol


Average Follow-up Time Detail
The authors referred to their study as a "2-year follow-up study," but did not report the mean or range of follow-up times.

Exposure Detail
Non-drinker: < 1 unit per week
Light-to-moderate drinker: 1–21 units per week (men), 1–14 units per week (women)
Excessive drinker: >21 units per week (men), >14 units per week (women)
1 unit = 8 g ethanol

"Via self-report, participants indicated whether they drank wine, beer, or liquor and the frequency (never or occasionally, monthly, weekly or daily) and quantity of alcohol consumed. The average daily absolute alcohol intake was estimated according to the frequency and quantity of drinking. The ethanol (pure alcohol) content was estimated to be 13.2 g for a bottle or can of beer [12 oz (340.8 cm3) bottle or can], 10.8 g for a standard glass of wine, and 15.1 g for a drink (counting a drink as 44 ml) of liquor [17]. The total ethanol intake for each subject was computed as the sum of the contributions from beer, wine and liquor. According to the recommendation for “sensible drinking limits” made by the Royal College of Physicians, Psychiatrists and General Practitioners, the total intake of ethanol was converted into standard units (1 unit = 8 g ethanol) per week for each subject. All subjects were then divided into three categories by units of ethanol intake: non-drinker (<1 unit per week), light-to-moderate drinker (1–21 units per week for men, or 1–14 units per week for women), and excessive drinker (>21 units per week for men, or >14 units per week for women) [23,24]."

Ethnicity Detail
"The samples were enrolled from the Gaoxing area, Yubei area and the Yuzhong area in Chongqing City, China."

Age Detail
1084 non-drinkers, mean (SD) age: 69.2 (8.8)
1381 light-to-moderate drinkers, mean (SD) age: 66.3 (6.3)
167 excessive drinkers, mean (SD) age: 65.2 (7.7)

Screening and Diagnosis Detail
Screening Method:
MMSEMini-Mental State Examination (Folstein 1975)

AD Diagnosis:
DSM IIIR Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-Revised
NINDS-AIREN National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (Roman 1993)
NINCDS ADRDA National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria (McKhann 1984)

Total dementia definition: Dementia via DSM-III-R.

"Dementia screening and diagnosis during baseline and follow-up examinations followed a three-step protocol, as described in detail elsewhere [13]. Briefly, all participants were screened with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) [19]. Screen-positives underwent further cognitive testing, and an informant was interviewed on the daily functioning of the participant. Participants who were suspected of having dementia were examined by a neurologist and underwent neuropsychological testing. Additionally, the total cohort was continuously monitored for any incidental dementia cases via linkage to the study database.

The diagnosis of dementia was made on the basis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) criteria [20] by a panel of study physicians, a neurologist, and a neuropsychologist, who reviewed all existing information. We made a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s
disease and vascular dementia according to internationally accepted criteria [21,22]. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease were further classified as those with and without cerebrovascular disease. For other dementias, we used the DSM-III-R criteria. Cerebrovascular disease was identified by a history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack, or by evidence of cerebrovascular lesions from a brain scan."

Covariates & Analysis Detail
Analysis Type:
Logistic regression

"RR and 95% CI were calculated using the traditional method of χ2-test. Variables with statistical significance (P<0.05) in the univariate analyses were introduced in the logistic regression analysis. We decided a priori to control for potential confounders using logistic regression analysis."

AD Covariates:
Aage
Eeducation
Ggender
MMSEbaseline MMSE
DBPdiastolic blood pressure
SMsmoking status
SHstroke history
SBPsystolic blood pressure

TD Covariates:
Aage
Eeducation
Ggender
MMSEbaseline MMSE
DBPdiastolic blood pressure
SMsmoking status
SHstroke history
SBPsystolic blood pressure