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Risk Factors
Alcohol
B Vitamins
Blood Pressure
Cognitive Activity
Diabetes Mellitus
Dietary Pattern
Head injury
Homocysteine
Hormone Therapy
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Statin use
Reference:
Kivipelto, 2009
Cohort:
Kungsholmen Project
Risk Factor:
Homocysteine
Exposure Detail
"Total homocysteine was analysed with a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay on an IMx® unit (Abbott Laboratories, IL, USA). At mean levels of 12.8 and 25.7 lM/l, intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 1.3% and 2.1%, respectively. Inter-assay CV were 1.4% and 1.0%, respectively. Holo-TC was analysed with a radioimmunoassay, HoloTC RIA (Axis-Shield, Dundee, Scotland). At mean levels of 34.5 and 98.8 pM/l intra-assay total CV were 6.6% and 6.0%, respectively. Inter-assay CV were 6.6% and 9.5%, respectively. These analyses were performed at the Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. All other biochemical analyses were performed using routine methods at the Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden."
Ethnicity Detail
All participants were residents of the Kungsholmen district of Stockholm, Sweden. No other information was provided on the race or ethnicity of the participants.
Age Detail
"The study population included a sub-sample of 228 subjects, derived from the dementia-free cohort participating in the Kungsholmen Project (KP), a longitudinal population-based study on ageing and dementia launched in 1987. The initial population included all registered inhabitants (n=2368) who were living in the Kungsholmen district of Stockholm and were aged 75 years and older [27]"
Screening and Diagnosis Detail
Screening Method:
DSM IIIR - dementia
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III - Revised - dementia
AD Diagnosis:
DSM IIIR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual III-Revised
Total dementia definition
: Dementia via DSM III-R.
"At baseline and each follow-up, physicians examined all subjects clinically according to a standardized protocol, trained personnel administered neuropsychological tests, and nurses collected data on family and personal history. Dementia and type of dementia were defined according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria, revised 3rd edition [28]."
Covariates & Analysis Detail
Analysis Type:
Logistic regression
In the "statistcal analyses" section, the investigators state that they used Cox regression models, but provide results from "logistic regression" models in Table 2.
"The associations between Hcy and holo-TC and the subsequent development of dementia and AD were analysed using Cox regression analyses. Differences in follow-up time were taken into account in the analyses. The analyses were adjusted for age, sex and education (model 1), and then additionally for other potential confounding or mediating factors, including baseline BMI, albumin, haemoglobin, creatinine, ApoE e4 allele status (any ɛe4 allele vs. no ɛe4 allele) and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score (model 2). Finally, we carried out analyses adjusting for holo-TC, B12 and folate in determining the tHcy-dementia association, and for Hcy and folate levels concerning the holo-TC-dementia association (model 3). The tHcy and holo-TC data were first analysed as continuous variables and then grouped into quartiles. When studying whether the effect of tHcy on dementia/AD risk depended on holo-TC levels, stratified analyses were conducted using holo-TC mean values as a cut-off. The level of significance was <0.05 in all analyses."
AD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
G
gender
albumin
albumin
APOE234
APOE e2 e3 e4 genotype
MMSE
baseline MMSE
BMI
body mass index
HGB
hemoglobin
CRT
serum creatinine
TD Covariates:
A
age
E
education
G
gender
albumin
albumin
APOE234
APOE e2 e3 e4 genotype
MMSE
baseline MMSE
BMI
body mass index
HGB
hemoglobin
CRT
serum creatinine